The Decline of the Last Medieval Superstates

1100

Southern India sees the beginning of the collapse of the Chalukyas in the Deccan and the Cholas in the southern peninsula. Their former rivals and feudatories, such as the Pandyas in southern Tamil Nadu and the Kakatiyas, Seuna Yadavas and Hoysalas in the Deccan begin to exert increasing local sovereignty, commissioning temples in new regional variants of the dominant Dravida and Karnata Dravida modes. Vernacular poetry in Kannada increases in popularity with the growth of the Virashaiva or Lingayat movement in the regions corresponding to northern Karnataka today.

Bibliography

Doniger, Wendy. The Hindus: An Alternative History. New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2015.

Eaton, Richard M. A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 Eight Indian Lives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Salomon, Richard. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.